Earthquake Power Essays

Earthquake Power Essays Earthquake Power Essay Earthquake Power Essay Essay Topic: The Hobbit The magnitude 6. 3 (ML) earthquake[1] struck the Canterbury region in New Zealands South Island at 12:51 pm on Tuesday, 22 February 2011 local time (23:51 21 February UTC). [1][9] The earthquake was centred 2 kilometres (1. 2 mi) west of the port town of Lyttelton, and 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of the centre of Christchurch, New Zealands second-most populous city. [1] It followed nearly six months after the magnitude 7. 1 Canterbury earthquake of 4 September 2010, which caused significant damage to Christchurch and the central Canterbury region, but no direct fatalities.The earthquake caused widespread damage across Christchurch, especially in the central city and eastern suburbs, with damage exacerbated by buildings and infrastructure already being weakened by the 4 September 2010 earthquake and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt. The shallow earthquake was reported to be felt across the South Island and the lower and central North Island. While the initial quake only last around 10 seconds, the vicinity and depth of its location to Christchurch in addition to the previous quakes were the reason for so much destruction.In total, 185 people were killed in the earthquake,[6][7] making it the second-deadliest natural disaster recorded in New Zealand (after the 1931 Hawkes Bay earthquake), and fourth-deadliest disaster of any kind recorded in New Zealand, with nationals from more than 20 countries among the victims. [10] Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) Building, which collapsed and caught fire in the quake. The government declared a state of national emergency, which stayed in force until 30 April 2011. 11] The total cost to insurers of rebuilding was originally estimated at NZ$15 billion. [12][13] At that point it was already predicted to be by far New Zealands costliest natural disaster, and the third-costliest earthquake (nominally) worldwide. [14] But by April 2013, the total estimated cost had ballooned to $40 billion. [15] Some economists have estimated it will take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to completely recover. [16] The earthquake was the most damaging in a year-long earthquake swarm affecting the Christchurch area.It was followed by a large aftershock on 13 June (which caused considerable additional damage) and a series of large shock s on 23 December 2011. Contents [hide] * 1 Geology * 1. 1 Main aftershocks since 22 February 2011 * 1. 2 Canterbury region long-term probabilities * 2 Emergency management * 2. 1 Police * 2. 2 Search and rescue * 2. 3 Defence forces * 2. 4 Medical response * 2. 5 Humanitarian and welfare * 2. 6 Infrastructure and support * 3 Casualties, damage, and other effects * 3. 1 Casualties * 3. 1. 1 Animal casualties * 3. 2 Buildings affected * 3. 3 Suburbs * 3. 4 Beyond Christchurch 3. 5 Christchurch International Airport * 3. 6 Sport * 4 Response * 4. 1 International * 4. 2 Fundraising and charity events * 4. 3 Memorial services * 4. 4 Commission of Inquiry * 5 Recovery * 5. 1 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority * 5. 2 Housing * 5. 3 Schools and universities * 6 Economic impact * 7 Cancellation of 2011 census * 8 See also * 9 References * 10 Further reading * 11 External links Geology[edit source | editbeta] Earthquake intensity map Location of the 12:51pm quake epicentre within Christ church The 6. 3 quake was probably an aftershock of the 7. -magnitude 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake. While New Zealands GNS Science describe it as technically an aftershock of the earlier event, other seismologists, including those from USA and Geoscience Australia, consider it a separate event, given its location on a separate fault system. [17][18] The earthquake has generated a significant series of its own aftershocks, many of which are considered big for a 6. 3 quake. [19] 361+ aftershocks (magnitude 3+ foreshocks incl) were experienced in the first week, the largest measuring magnitude 5. 9, which occurred just under 2 hours after the main shock. [20] A 5. -magnitude aftershock on 16 April,[21] the largest for several weeks, caused further damage, including power cuts and several large rock falls. [22] Another aftershock hit the Christchurch region on 10 May 2011 from the Greendale fault measuring 5. 3 magnitude. It cut power for a few minutes and caused further damag e to buildings in the city centre. No deaths or injuries were reported. It was felt as far away as Dunedin and Greymouth. [23] On 6 June, a large aftershock occurred, measuring 5. 5 on the Richter scale. The shake was felt as far away as Kaikoura and Oamaru. [22] A series of aftershocks occurred on 13 June.A tremor of 5. 7 was felt at 1 pm NZT, with depth of 9 km and an epicentre at Taylors Mistake,[24] followed by a 6. 3 tremor just over an hour later, with a depth of 6 km, located 10 km east of the city. [25] Power was cut to around 54,000 homes, with further damage and liquefaction in already weakened areas. The Lyttelton Timeball Station collapsed[26] and Christchurch Cathedral sustained more damage. At least 46 people were reported injured. [27] Initial reports suggest the earthquake occurred at a depth of 5 kilometres (3 mi); further analysis of seismic data might result in a revision of that depth. 19] Early reports suggested that it occurred on a previously unknown faultline running 17 km east-west from Scarborough Hill in South Eastern Christchurch to Halswell, at depths of 3–12 km,[28] but the Institute of Professional Engineers have since stated that GNS Science believe that the earthquake arose from the rupture of an 8 x 8 km fault running east-northeast at a depth of 1–2 km depth beneath the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and dipping southwards at an angle of about 65 degrees from the horizontal beneath the Port Hills. [29] Although the rupture was subsurface (i. . did not break the surface), satellite images indicate the net displacement of the land south of the fault was 50 cm westwards and upwards; the land movement would have been greater during the quake. [30] Land movement is varied around the area horizontally- in both east and west directions- and vertically; the Port Hills have been raised by 40 cm. [31] Satellite picture showing shaking strength (click to enlarge) The quake was a strike-slip event with oblique motion- mostly horizontal movement with some vertical movement[32]- with reverse thrust (i. . vertical movement upwards). [3] The vertical acceleration was far greater than the horizontal acceleration. [32] The intensity felt in Christchurch was MM VIII. [33] The peak ground acceleration (PGA) in central Christchurch exceeded 1. 8g (i. e. 1. 8 times the acceleration of gravity),[34] with the highest recording 2. 2g, at Heathcote Valley Primary School,[3] a shaking intensity equivalent to MM X+. [35] This is the highest PGA ever recorded in New Zealand; the highest reading during the September 2010 event was 1. 26g, recorded near Darfield. 34] The PGA is also one of the greatest ever ground accelerations recorded in the world,[36] and was unusually high for a 6. 3 quake. [19] and the highest in a vertical direction. [37] The central business district (CBD) experienced PGAs in the range of 0. 574 and 0. 802 g. [38] In contrast, the 7. 0 Mw 2010 Haiti earthquake had an estimated PGA of 0. 5g. [36] The acceleration occurred mainly in a vertical direction,[32] with eyewitness accounts of people being tossed into the air. [36] The upwards (positive acceleration) was greater than the downwards, which had a maximum recording of 0. g; the maximum recorded horizontal acceleration was 1. 7g[37] The force of the quake was statistically unlikely to occur more than once in 1000 years, according to one seismic engineer, with a PGA greater than many modern buildings were designed to withstand. [39] New Zealand building codes require a building with a 50-year design life to withstand predicted loads of a 500-year event; initial reports by GNS Science suggest ground motion considerably exceeded even 2500-year design motions,[40] beyond maximum considered events (MCE). 41] By comparison, the 2010 quake- in which damage was predominantly to pre-1970s buildings- exerted 65% of the design loading on buildings. [39] The acceleration experienced in February 2011 would totally flatten most world cities, causing massive loss of life; in Christchurch, New Zealands stringent building codes limited the disaster. [18] However, the most severe shaking lasted only 12 seconds, which perhaps prevented more extensive damage. [41] It is also possible that seismic lensing contributed to the ground effect, with the seismic waves rebounding off the hard basalt of the Port Hills back into the city. 28] Geologists reported liquefaction was worse than the 2010 quake. [32] The quake also caused significant landslips and rockfalls on the Port Hills. [32] Although smaller in magnitude than the 2010 quake, the earthquake was more damaging and deadly for a number of reasons. The epicentre was closer to Christchurch, and shallower at 5 kilometres (3 mi) underground, whereas the September quake was measured at 10 kilometres (6 mi) deep. The February earthquake occurred during lunchtime on a weekday when the CBD was busy, and many buildings were already weakened from the previous quakes . 42][43] The PGA was extremely high, and simultaneous vertical and horizontal ground movement was almost impossible for buildings to survive intact. [32] Liquefaction was significantly greater than that of the 2010 quake, causing the upwelling of more than 200,000 tonnes of silt[44][45] which needed to be cleared. The increased liquefaction caused significant ground movement, undermining many foundations and destroying infrastructure, damage which may be the greatest ever recorded anywhere in a modern city. [29] 80% of the water and sewerage system was severely damaged. 41] While both the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occurred on blind or unknown faults, New Zealands Earthquake Commission had, in a 1991 report, predicted moderate earthquakes in Canterbury with the likelihood of associated liquefaction. [18][46] According to GNS Science seismologists, the energy released in Christchurch was equivalent to a magnitude 6. 7 earthquake. [47] On 13 June 2011, two major aftershocks measuring 5. 7 and 6. 3 struck the region, causing further damage, liquefaction and 10 injuries in and around Christchurch. [48] These were followed by a magnitude 5. quake at a depth of 8 km and centred 10 km south-west of Christchurch at 10:34 pm on 21 June 2011. [49] Main aftershocks since 22 February 2011[edit source | editbeta] Below is a list of all aftershocks of Richter,Moment amp; Body-wave Magnitudes 5. 0 and above that have hit Christchurch since the 22 February 2011 earthquake. [50] Date| Time| Richter Magnitude| Moment Magnitude| Body-wave Magnitude| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 22 February 2011| 12:51 pm| 6. 3| 6. 2| 6. 3| 10 km south of Christchurch| 5. 0 km| 3. 1 miles| X.Intense| 22 February 2011| 1:04 pm| 5. 8| 5. 5| 5. 5| 10 km south of Christchurch| 5. 9 km| 3. 6 miles| VII. Very Strong| 22 February 2011| 2:50 pm| 5. 9| 5. 6| 5. 6| Within 5 km of Lyttelton| 6. 72 km| 4. 1 miles| VII. Very Strong| 22 February 2011| 2:51 pm| 5. 1| 4. 5| 4. 4| Within 5 km of Lyttelton| 7. 3 km| 4. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 22 February 2011| 4:04 pm| 5. 0| 4. 5| 4. 4| Within 5 km of Christchurch| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 22 February 2011| 7:43 pm| 5. 0| 4. 4| 4. 5| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 5 March 2011| 7:34 pm| 5. 0| 4. 6| 4. | 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 9. 5 km| 5. 9 miles| VI. Strong| 20 March 2011| 9:47 pm| 5. 1| 4. 5| 4. 5| 10 km east of Christchurch| 11. 83 km| 7. 3 miles| VI. Strong| 16 April 2011| 5:49 pm| 5. 3| 5. 0| 5. 2| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 10. 6 km| 6. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 30 April 2011| 7:04 am| 5. 2| 4. 9| 4. 7| 60 km north-east of Christchurch| 8. 7 km| 5. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 10 May 2011| 3:04 am| 5. 2| 4. 9| 5. 0| 20 km west of Christchurch| 14. 4 km| 8. 9 miles| VI. Strong| 6 June 2011| 9:09 am| 5. 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 20 km south-west of Christchurch| 8. 1 km| 5. 0 miles| VI.Strong| Date| Time| Richter Magnitude (ML)| Moment Magnitude (Mw)| Body-wave Ma gnitude (Mb)| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 13 June 2011| 1:00 pm| 5. 9| 5. 3| 5. 0| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 8. 9 km| 5. 5 miles| VIII. Destructive| 13 June 2011| 2:20 pm| 6. 4| 5. 9| 6. 0| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 6. 9 km| 4. 2 miles| IX. Violent| 13 June 2011| 2:21 pm| 5. 1| 4. 8| 4. 8| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 10. 2 km| 6. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 15 June 2011| 6:27 am| 5. 2| 4. 8| 5. 0| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 5. 8 km| 3. 5 miles| VI.Strong| 21 June 2011| 10:34 pm| 5. 4| 5. 2| 5. 2| 10 km south-west of Christchurch| 8. 3 km| 5. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 22 July 2011| 5:39 am| 5. 3| 4. 7| 4. 7| 40 km west of Christchurch| 12 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 2 September 2011| 3:29 am| 5. 0| 4. 6| 4. 5| 10 km east of Lyttelton| 7. 6 km| 4. 7 miles| VI. Strong| 9 October 2011| 8:34 pm| 5. 5| 4. 9| 5. 0| 10 km north-east of Diamond Harbour| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| Date| Time| Richter Magnitude (ML)| Moment Magnit ude (Mw)| Body-wave Magnitude (Mb)| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 23 December 2011| 1:58 pm| 5. | 5. 8| 5. 8| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 8 km| 4. 9 miles| VIII. Destructive| 23 December 2011| 2:06 pm| 5. 3| 5. 4| 5. 4| 21 km east-north-east of Christchurch| 10. 1 km| 6. 2 miles| VII. Very Strong| 23 December 2011| 3:18 pm| 6. 2| 6. 0| 5. 9| 10 km north of Lyttelton| 6 km| 3. 7 miles| VIII. Destructive| 23 December 2011| 4:50 pm| 5. 1| 4. 7| 4. 8| 20 km east of Christchurch| 10 km| 6. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 24 December 2011| 6:37 am| 5. 1| 4. 9| 5. 1| 10 km east of Akaroa| 9 km| 5. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 2 January 2012| 1:27 am| 5. 1| 4. 8| 4. 9| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 3 km| 8. 2 miles| VI.Strong| 2 January 2012| 5:45 am| 5. 3| | | 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 5 km| 8. 3 miles| VII. Very Strong| 2 January 2012| 5:45 am| 5. 6| 5. 1| 5. 1| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 5 km| 8. 3 miles| VII. Very Strong| 6 January 2012| 2:22 am| 5. 0| 4. 5| 4. 6| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 6. 7 km| 4. 0 miles| VI. Very Strong| 7 January 2012| 1:21 am| 5. 3| 4. 8| 5. 0| 20 km east of Christchurch| 8. 4 km| 5. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 15 January 2012| 2:47 am| 5. 1| 4. 6| 4. 5| 10 km east of Christchurch| 5. 8 km | 3. 6 miles| VI. Strong| This table is being constantly updated, and upgrades and downgrades may happen.Canterbury region long-term probabilities[edit source | editbeta] One month: 9 November 2012 – 8 December 2012| Magnitude Range| Expected Range| Expected Average| Probability| 5. 0 5. 4| 0 1| 0. 12| 11%| 5. 5 5. 9| 0 1| 0. 033| 3%| 6. 0 6. 4| 0 1| 0. 009| 1%| 6. 5 6. 9| 0 1| 0. 0025| lt;1%| 7. 0 7. 9| 0 1| 0. 0009| lt;1%| One year: 9 November 2012 – 8 November 2013| Magnitude Range| Expected Range| Expected Average| Probability| 5. 0 5. 4| 0 4| 1. 2| 69%| 5. 5 5. 9| 0 2| 0. 34| 29%| 6. 0 6. 4| 0 1| 0. 093| 9%| 6. 5 6. 9| 0 1| 0. 025| 2%| 7. 0 7. 9| 0 1| 0. 009| 1%|This table w as last updated on November 14, 2012 Information in the tables above is sourced from GNS Science, New Zealand. [50] Emergency management[edit source | editbeta] In the immediate moments following the quake, ordinary citizens and those emergency services on duty responded and initiated rescues. Although communications proved difficult initially (it took many hours to obtain a full picture of the devastation) a full emergency management structure was in place within two hours, with national coordination operating from the National Crisis Management Centre bunker in the Beehive in Wellington. 51] Regional emergency operations command was established in the Christchurch Art Gallery, a modern earthquake-proofed building in the centre of the city which had sustained only minor damage. [52] On 23 February the Minister of Civil Defence, John Carter declared the situation a state of national emergency,[53] the countrys first for a civil defence emergency (the only other one was for the 1951 waterfront dispute). [54] As per the protocols of New Zealands Coordinated Incident Management System and the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act, the Civil Defence became lead agency- with Air Vice Marshal John Hamilton as National Controller.His alternate was Steve Brazier, Director of the Security and Risk Group at the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. They were supported by New Zealand Police, Fire Service, Defence Force and many other agencies and organisations. [55] One experienced international USAR team member described the response as the best-organised emergency he had witnessed. [56] The Government response was immediate and significant, with many departments and ministries involved.Cabinet Minister Gerry Brownlees regular portfolios were distributed amongst other cabinet ministers, so he could focus solely on earthquake recovery. [57] After a brief sitting, when a National Emergency was declared, Parliament was adjourned until 8 March so cabinet could work on earthquake recovery. [58] Prime Minister John Key and other ministers regularly visited Christchurch, supporting Christchurch mayor Bob Parker, who was heavily involved in the emergency management and became the face of the city, despite his own injuries and family concerns. 59] Both COGIC (French Civil Protection)[60] and the American USGS requested the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters on the behalf of MCDEM New Zealand, thus readily providing satellite imagery for aid and rescue services. [61] Police[edit source | editbeta] Christchurch Police were supplemented by staff and resources from around the country, along with a 300-strong contingent of Australian Police, who were sworn in as New Zealand Police on their arrival, bringing the total officers in the city to 1200. 62] Alongside regular duties, the police provided security cordons, organised evacuations, supported search and rescue teams, missing persons and family liaison, and organised media briefings and tours of the affected areas. They also provided forensic analysis and evidence gathering at fatalities and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) teams, working closely with pathologists, forensic dentists and scientists, and the coroner at the emergency mortuary established at Burnham Military Camp. [63] They were aided by DVI teams from Australia, UK, Thailand[64] Taiwan and Israel. 63] They follow international best practice for victim identification after disasters- which is extremely thorough to ensure correct identification- and have assistance from the Interpol DVI chair. [65][66] New Zealand Police requested 300 police from Australia for non-rescue tasks such as traffic control, general policing duties and to prevent looting. The contingent was formed by 200 from the New South Wales Police Force,[67] 50 from the Australian Federal Police[68] and others from Queensland, Victoria and South Australia state police forces. 69] In total, 323 Australian police, i ncluding DVI officers, were sent. [70][71] Following their arrival on 25 February, they were briefed on New Zealand law and procedure and the emergency regulations before being sworn in as temporary constables, giving them complete New Zealand policing powers. [69][72] Many of them received standing ovations from appreciative locals as they walked through Christchurch Airport upon arrival. [73] The first contingent remained in New Zealand for two weeks, after which they were replaced by a further contingent. 72] While serving in New Zealand, the Australian officers would not carry guns, since New Zealand police are a routinely unarmed force; the officers would instead be equipped with standard New Zealand issue batons and capsicum spray. [73][74] It was the first time in 170 years that Australian police have patrolled in New Zealand. [72] Following a rotation of staff, police were present from all Australian states and territories as well as Federal Police, the first time representa tives from all Australian forces have worked together on a single operation. [75] Search and rescue[edit source | editbeta]A Japanese search and rescue team approaches the ruins of the CTV building. The New Zealand Fire Service coordinated search and rescue, particularly the Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams from New Zealand and Australia, UK, USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore, totalling 150 personnel from New Zealand and 429 from overseas. [56] They also responded to fires, serious structural damage reports, and land slips working with structural engineers, seismologists and geologists, as well as construction workers, crane and digger operators and demolition experts.A team of 72 urban search and rescue specialists from New South Wales, Australia was sent to Christchurch on a RAAF C-130 Hercules, arriving 12 hours after the quake, with another team of 70 (along with three sniffer dogs) from Queensland sent the following day. [76] A team of 55 Disaster Assistance and Rescu e Team members from the Singapore Civil Defence Force were sent. [77] The United States sent Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2, a 74-member heavy rescue team consisting of firefighters and paramedics from the Los Angeles County Fire Department, doctors, engineers and 26 tons of pre-packaged rescue equipment. 78][79] Japan sent 70 search-and-rescue personnel including specialists from the coastguard, police and fire fighting service, as well as three sniffer dogs. [80] The team left New Zealand earlier than planned due to the 9. 0 earthquake which struck their homeland on 11 March. [81] The United Kingdom sent a 53 strong search and rescue team including 9 Welsh firefighters who had assisted the rescue effort during the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. [82] Taiwan sent a 22-member team from the National Fire Agency, along with 2 tons of specialist search and rescue equipment. [83][84] China sent a 10-member specialist rescue team. 85] Defence forces[edit source | editbeta] The Ne w Zealand Defence Force- staging their largest operation on New Zealand soil[86]- provided logistics, equipment, transport, airbridges, evacuations, supply and equipment shipments, survey of the Port and harbour, and support to the agencies, including meals; they assisted the Police with security, and provided humanitarian aid particularly to Lyttleton, which was isolated from the city in the first days. [87] Over 1400 Army, Navy and Air Force personnel were involved,[88] and Territorials (Army Reserve) were called up. 89] They were supplemented by 116 soldiers from the Singapore Army, in Christchurch for a training exercise at the time of the earthquake, who assisted in the cordon of the city. [77][90] HMNZS Canterbury provided aid to Lyttelton residents isolated by the quake. The Royal New Zealand Air Force provided an air bridge between Christchurch and Wellington using a Boeing 757 and two C-130 Hercules,and bringing in emergency crews and equipment and evacuating North Island residents and tourists out of Christchurch. Three RNZAF Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopters were also used to transport Police, VIPs and aid to locations around Christchurch.RNZAF Beech King Air aircraft were also used to evacuate people from Christchurch. The crew of the Navy ship Canterbury, in Lyttelton harbour at the time of the earthquake, provided meals for 1,000 people left homeless in that town,[91] and accommodation for a small number of locals. [92] The Royal Australian Air Force also assisted with air lifts. On one of their journeys, an RAAF Hercules sustained minor damage in an aftershock. [93] The army also operated desalination plants to provide water to the eastern suburbs. [94] Medical response[edit source | editbeta]Australias foreign minister Kevin Rudd told Sky News that New Zealands Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully had asked for further help from Australia. He said Australia would send counsellors over and a disaster medical assistance team comprising 23 emerge ncy and surgical personnel. [95] A field hospital providing 75 beds arrived 24 February. [76] Set up in the badly affected eastern suburbs, it was equipped to provide triage, emergency care, maternity, dentistry and isolation tents for gastroenteritis, and also provide primary care since most general practices in the area were unable to open. 96] Humanitarian and welfare[edit source | editbeta] Humanitarian support and welfare were provided by various agencies, in particular the New Zealand Red Cross and the Salvation Army. Welfare Centres and support networks were established throughout the city. Government Departments, such as WINZ and Housing New Zealand established contact with as many people as possible and provided grants and assistance. Many church and community-led projects also became established. The scale of the disaster meant many people went some days without official contact, so neighbourhoods and streets were encouraged to attend to those around them.Official visitati on teams were organised by Civil Defence, with aim of visiting every household; the teams, which assessed homes and welfare needs, and passed on official information, included structural engineers or assessors from EQC. The primarily wilderness all-volunteer search and rescue organisation, LandSAR, deployed 530 people to the city to perform welfare checks. Over the course of a week, LandSAR teams visited 67,000 premisis. [97] Workers try to restore water service Infrastructure and support[edit source | editbeta] Businesses and organisations contributed massively to the initial rescue, recovery and emergency infrastructure.Orion, Christchurchs electricity distribution lines company, assisted by other lines companies from New Zealand, worked constantly to restore power. The 66 kV subtransmission cables supplying Dallington and New Brighton zone substations from Transpowers Bromley substation were damaged beyond repair, which necessitated the erection of temporary 66 kV overhead lines from Bromley to Dallington and Bromley to New Brighton to get power into the eastern suburbs. Such a project would usually take six or seven weeks but was completed in 2? days, with the resource consent process taking only 20 minutes. 98] Power had been restored to 82% of households within five days,[99] and to 95% within two weeks. [100] Generators were donated, and telephone companies established emergency communications and free calls. Water provision was worked on by companies and contractors, while Fonterra provided milk tankers to bring in water, the Army provided desalination plants, and bottled supplies were sent in by volunteers and companies. Mains water supply was re-established to 70% households within one week. [101] Waste water and sewerage systems had been severely damaged, so households had to establish emergency latrines.Over 2,000 portaloos and 5,000 chemical toilets from throughout New Zealand and overseas were brought in, with 20,000 more chemical toilets placed on order from the manufacturers. [100] Community laundries were set up in affected suburbs by Fisher and Paykel[102] and individuals. Portable shower units were also established in the eastern suburbs. [100] Many companies assisted with transport, particularly Air New Zealand, which operated extra flights of Boeing 747 aircraft to/from Auckland and Boeing 737/Airbus A320/Boeing 777 aircraft to/from Wellington to move people and supplies in and out of Christchurch.The airline also offered flights for Christchurch residents to and from Christchurch for NZ$ 50 one-way from any New Zealand, Australian and Pacific Island airport, and for NZ$400 one way from other international destinations for affected family-members. [103] Fundraising and support efforts were established throughout the country, with many individuals, community groups and companies providing food and services to the city, for welfare and clean up. Many impromptu initiatives gained significant traction.Thousands of people helped with the clean-up efforts- involving the removal of over 200,000 tonnes of liquefaction silt- including Canterbury Universitys Student Volunteer Army (created after the September quake but significantly enlarged) and the Federated Farmers Farmy Army. [104] The Rangiora Earthquake Express provided over 250 tonnes of water, medical supplies, and food, including hot meals, from nearby Rangiora by helicopter and truck. [105] Casualties, damage, and other effects[edit source | editbeta]The effect of liquefaction in North New Brighton, Christchurch A Central City Red Zone was established on the day of the earthquake as a public exclusion zone in the Christchurch Central City. Since February 2013, it was officially renamed the CBD Rebuild Zone by government agencies, but remained to be known as the Red Zone. It gradually shrank in size and the last cordons were removed on 30 June 2013, 859 days after the earthquake. [106][107][108] As of 3 May 2011, the New Zealand Police believed 181 people had died as a result of the earthquake, but a further four deaths were later judged by the coroner to have been due to the earthquake. 6] Of the 185 victims, 115 people were lost in the Canterbury Television building alone, while another 18 died in the collapse of PGC House, and eight were killed when masonry fell on Red Bus number 702 in Colombo Street. [7] An additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. [7] Due to the injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified. [109] Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries (ECAN Review October 2011),[full citation needed] and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake. [110]Results of liquefaction. The fine washed-up sand solidifies after the water has run off. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted into recovery mode. The last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day a fter the quake. [111] At 5 pm local time on the day of the earthquake, Radio New Zealand reported that 80% of the city had no power. Water and wastewater services have been disrupted throughout the city, with authorities urging residents to conserve water and collect rainwater. It was expected that the State of Emergency Level 3, the highest possible in a regional disaster, would last for at least five days.Medical staff from the army were deployed. Road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts. [112] Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred. [113] Road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks. [114] A number of cars were crushed by falling debris. [115] In the central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings. [116] As the earthquake hit at the lunch hour, some people on the pavements were buried by collapsed buildings. [117] Casualties[edit source | editbeta]As of 8 September 2011, New Zealand Police h ad formally identified 177 deceased, and released the names of all 181 victims. In the list are people from fifteen different nationalities, including New Zealand, and the ages of the victims range from 5 weeks to 87 years. [7] Four victims could not be formally identified all of whom were recovered from the CTV Building. Coroner Matenga said, Any traces of DNA have been destroyed by the extremely high temperatures caused by the fire in the CTV building. [109] The nationalities of the deceased are:-[7] Country| Casualties| New Zealand – Christchurch Waimakariri amp; Selwyn – Lyttelton – Wellington – Other/Unknown| 97[118] 86 8 1 1 1| Japan| 28[118]| China| 23| Philippines| 9| Thailand| 6| Israel| 3| South Korea| 2| Canada Ireland Malaysia Romania[119] Serbia Taiwan (Republic of China) Turkey United States| 1 each| Total| 176| Animal casualties[edit source | editbeta] Animal welfare agencies reported that many pets were lost or distressed following the ear thquake. [120][121] SPCA rescue manager Blair Hillyard said his 12-strong team assisted urban search and rescue teams that encountered aggressive dogs while conducting house-to-house checks.The team also worked with animals in areas where humans had been evacuated and distributed animal food and veterinary supplies to families in need. Hillyard said that the situation for animals had been deteriorating because o